Religious wildfires
FAITH IN ACTION
By Katherine Marshall
Don't blame Nigeria's violent conflicts on religion, Nigeria's acting president, Goodluck Jonathan, argued forcefully during a far-ranging discussion last Monday at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington. The brutal conflict that took place near the city of Jos last month (where as many as 500 people died) reflects tensions between longtime residents and recent settlers, plus economic misery, not a clash between Christianity and Islam.
Jonathan's wish to dissociate religion from violence is part of a complicated global conversation. Some narratives assert that certain religions are intrinsically inclined to violence, while others see religion purely as a proxy, falsely accused of violence that has other causes. It's an important conversation because the passions tend to run high. In the layer upon layer of causation in conflicts around the world, religion is a part of the story but tangled up in a host of factors. That makes the situation of Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, with the largest number of Muslims as well as the largest number of Christians in the region, especially significant. And Nigeria is a global hot spot of nasty incidents involving Muslims and Christians.
Nigerians themselves certainly seem to see religion as linked to conflict and violence. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life's study on religion in Africa, published this week, found that 58 percent of Nigerians say religious conflict is a "very big problem" in their country, much higher than the average of 28 percent in the 19 African countries that Pew surveyed.
Jonathan contends that, despite this common perception of religious tension, the violence springs from other issues. Like many Nigerians, he takes pride in the country's religious and ethnic diversity and the countless instances of communities living side by side, not just tolerating "the other" but respecting each other and cooperating across many fronts. Rather, the clashes are largely about underlying economic and social factors (unemployment, competition for land).
But even if the cause of the violence lies elsewhere, the words of religious leaders, he said, can be "like the wind that spreads the wildfires." He might have added, as do other Nigerian leaders, that unscrupulous politicians also fan the fires of tensions, adding religious dimensions that were not and should not be there. By making a non-religious conflict into one fired by the passions, rhetoric, and global trappings of clashing cultures and religions, these leaders make the wildfire far harder to bring under control.
The conversation, sticking for now to Nigeria, needs to move on to solutions.
One area where Nigeria has a lot in common with other countries, including the United States, is that most people admit that they know very little about the religious beliefs and practices of their neighbors. In Nigeria, 54 percent of Christians say they know not very much or nothing about Islam and 63 percent of Muslims say they know not very much or nothing about Christianity. Given how hugely important religion is for Nigerians (another major Pew study finding - 92 percent of Nigerians pray every day) better knowledge would surely help in the effort to build bridges between communities.
So would addressing forcefully the economic tensions, for example poor schooling and health care. Eliminating the corruption that is a constant theme in any discussion about Nigeria would also surely help.
Religious leaders can be powerful peacemakers. They can use their pulpits and unparalleled respect to diffuse tensions. They can, by their personal example, mediate among combatants and show an example of reaching out to other communities. Two Nigerians, Pastor James Wuye and Imam Muhammad Ashafa, travel the world and are featured in a moving film that tells of how each sought to kill the other in Muslim-Christian clashes; now, however, the two work together for peace.
And finally, the extraordinary array of religious communities and institutions can work, together or separately, to address Nigeria's enormous social justice challenges. The example of the interfaith effort to boost the global campaign against malaria is an extraordinary example of what can be done. Bringing religious leaders more actively into the fight against corruption offers another avenue for real action. That's a realistic and constructive way to stamp out the wildfires of conflict and to build the respectful and diverse society that Nigeria's admirers believe is possible.
Katherine Marshall is a senior fellow at Georgetown's Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs, a visiting professor and a senior advisor for the World Bank.
By Katherine Marshall |
April 19, 2010; 12:44 AM ET
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Faith in Action
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Posted by: tossnokia | April 25, 2010 6:23 AM
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The Reality of Islam 101:(and the cause of many "wildfires")
From- Ayaan Hirsi Ali's autobiography, "Infidel".
"Thus begins the extraordinary story of a woman born into a family of desert nomads, circumcised as a child, educated by radical imams in Kenya and Saudi Arabia, taught to believe that if she uncovered her hair, terrible tragedies would ensue. It's a story that, with a few different twists, really could have led to a wretched life and a lonely death, as her grandmother warned. But instead, Hirsi Ali escaped -- and transformed herself into an internationally renowned spokeswoman for the rights of Muslim women."
ref: Washington Post book review.
four excerpts:
p. 47 paperback issue:
"Some of the Saudi women in our neighborhood were regularly beaten by their husbands. You could hear them at night. Their screams resounded across the courtyards. "No! Please! By Allah!"
p.68:
"The Pakistanis were Muslims but they too had castes. The Untouchable girls, both Indian and Pakistani were darker skin. The others would not play with them because they were untouchable. We thought that was funny because of course they were touchable: we touched them see? but also horrifying to think of yourself as untouchable, despicable to the human race."
p.309
"Between October 2004 and May 2005, eleven Muslim girls were killed by their families in just two regions (there are 20 regions in Holland). After that, people stopped telling me I was exaggerating."
p. 347
"The kind on thinking I saw in Saudi Arabia and among the Brotherhood of Kenya and Somalia, is incompatible with human rights and liberal values. It preserves the feudal mind-set based on tribal concepts of honor and shame. It rests on self-deception, hyprocricy, and double standards. It relies on the technologial advances of the West while pretending to ignore their origin in Western thinking. This mind-set makes the transition to modernity very painful for all who practice Islam".
Posted by: YEAL9 | April 24, 2010 12:18 AM
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abrahamhab1,
Are you referring to Christianity?
Posted by: yasseryousufi | April 23, 2010 12:29 AM
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Ms Marshall postulates:
“Some narratives assert that certain religions are intrinsically inclined to violence, while others see religion purely as a proxy; falsely accused of violence that has other causes. It's an important conversation because the passions tend to run high.”
Well! What do you think of the reason(s) or cause(s) of the violence in Nigeria? As you very well know many in central and north of that country subscribe to an ideology that not only denigrates the “other” but teaches that he does not deserve to live. The “other” being whoever does not subscribe to all aspects of their primitive, supremacist and intolerant ideology?
Posted by: abrahamhab1 | April 21, 2010 5:02 PM
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'And finally, the extraordinary array of religious communities and institutions can work, together or separately, to address Nigeria's enormous social justice challenges.'
The problem is only secondarily related to religious differences....Nigeria and most of the continent of Africa are steeped in ancient tribal/ethnic mentalities where open hostility with 'outsiders' is a way of life.
That this larger cultural dynamic would permeate and color the local understanding of imported religions like Christianity and Islam is certainly no surprise.
Nigerian governments have had a recent history of supporting Ugandan despot Idi Amin, as well as calling for death to homosexuals. How religion may improve these entrenched third-world attitudes and primitive values is a question without a ready answer.
Unfortunately, looking at how Muslim North Africans are collaborating with the Sudanese government in a massive resource and land grab through a policy of mass genocide makes one very doubtful that Islam is the right religion for any 3rd world country.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur
Posted by: persiflage | April 19, 2010 1:39 PM
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'Communities aren't intended to be mixtures of people practicing different cultures and neither are nations.'
This is a peculiarly regressive point of view, in my estimation. It seems to ignore the entire history of the USA as an immigrant nation.
These days, segregration is illegal in many forms, but one can always join exclusive clubs, organizations, membership groups, and even micro-communities that cater to a homogeneous population - although usually at considerable expense.
It's gotten pricey for folks that disdain diversity, wanting to 'keep to their own kind'. Look to the Amish as an example of a closed community and an affordable lifestyle....but even the old horse and buggy ain't what it used to be.
Posted by: persiflage | April 19, 2010 9:40 AM
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Correct the errors and flaws in the history and theology of Islam and Christianity and the violence over religion will disappear!!!!
Posted by: YEAL9 | April 19, 2010 8:10 AM
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The problem isn't religion, it's diversity.
Communities aren't intended to be mixtures of people practicing different cultures and neither are nations. Is diversity a strength if members of a religiously ultra-conservative group move into a liberal neighborhood and won't let their girls play ball games with boys, which the residents see as sex discrimination (a severe sin in liberalism)?
Communities of all sizes are supposed to be made up of people with common expectations of public behavior.
Posted by: WmarkW | April 19, 2010 7:24 AM
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All these problems. They spent $100 billion on aid programs and somehow water never made the list of important things. We'll smoke cigarettes and dream of new things, dream of new cures for cancer.