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Georgetown/On Faith

Pew's preposterous pop quiz

By Jacques Berlinerblau

(Editor's note: Read Pew's Alan Cooperman's response to this post here.)

The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, which describes itself as "a nonpartisan 'fact tank,'" has recently garnered immense media and popular attention with its "U.S. Religious Knowledge Survey."

You know the survey by now. It's the one your atheist Facebook friend linked you to with a note of triumph. That's because those in the category "Atheist/Agnostic" graded out as the most religiously literate of those tested.

Conversely, the findings set the dunce cap squarely on the lowered heads of White Evangelicals, White Mainliners, Black Protestants, as well as Hispanic and White Catholics. Those groups, suffice it to say, did not ace the test.

It's the survey whose conclusions America's religion reporters analyzed with their characteristic independence of thought. The New York Times, breathlessly sniffing the narrative sausage trail that Pew had laid out in front of them, proclaimed: "Americans are by all measures a deeply religious people, but they are also deeply ignorant about religion."

It's the survey that reminds us, in the very body of the survey itself, that the United States Supreme Court permits the teaching of the Bible as literature and world religions in public schools.

Quite a coincidence, that question is. It just so happens that some of those who helped draft the survey have spent years advocating for (and implementing) that very policy prescription!

Pew's home page repeatedly--almost obsessively-- assures us that it "does not take any positions on the issues it covers." I do believe that this organization often provides us with valuable polling data.

But I do not believe that Pew has as little skin in the religion-and-public-life game as it claims. Nor does their study lack for significant flaws:

Misunderstanding Atheists and Agnostics:In an interview with CNN's John King, Pew researcher Greg Smith observed: "Well I think the thing that was most striking to me was the strong performance on the survey by atheists and agnostics. Of all the groups that we looked at atheists and agnostics are among the top performers."

His colleague, Professor Stephen Prothero, explained the unexpected scores of the nonbelievers as attributable to the fact that "atheists and agnostics spend a lot of time fighting with religious people about religion."

I don't think Pew gets atheists. Unlike, let's say, Catholics, atheists are usually not born and raised as atheists. America, after all, isn't the Soviet Union at mid century. There is no broad atheist culture in the United States that instills ungodly values in junior freethinkers.

The typical American atheist--let's leave aside agnostics for now--grows up absorbing his family's faith tradition. Rejects it. Explores other traditions. Rejects those as well. And then settles on some form of nonbelief.

Atheists are also unlike Catholics in that they lack a clear and well-formulated creed. The philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre once noted that atheists tend to vary on the basis of the God that they are not believing in. That's why Jewish atheists and atheists who are escaping Pentecostalism see the world very differently. And perhaps that's why they have the damndest time forging meaningful political coalitions.

Why is this relevant to Pew's survey? Because we must stop seeing atheists as complete aliens to religious thought. We must stop conceptualizing "atheists" as a coherent polling category akin to "Jews" or "Catholics." We must stop assuming that atheists spend their days jacking up religious people--even though that is a stereotype that celebrity atheists have done everything in their power to perpetuate.

Dumbing Literacy Down: But are these atheists religiously knowledgeable? If we measure literacy in terms of Pew's factoids, then I guess the answer is "more so than anyone else." If we use the type of criteria familiar to educators, the answer is "data not available."

Take the case of the Hebrew Bible. By Pew's standards a person would be considered to have knowledge about this text if s/he knew that: 1) Genesis was the first biblical book, 2) Abraham was willing to sacrifice his son, 3) Moses led the exodus out of Egypt, 4) Job was obedient to God, and, 5) "Do unto others" is not in the Ten Commandments.

Call me a stuffy gray beard, but I'm just not prepared to agree that this comprises any sort of serious knowledge about the Scriptures. I will, however, concede that the person who could answer all of those questions might make for a promising contestant on Jeopardy.

Atheist Literacy? Let's get back to atheists. My own view, contra PEW, is that that they lack general knowledge about religion and that this is a huge political liability. In my 2005 The Secular Bible: Why Nonbelievers Must Take Religion Seriously, I pointed to instances in which atheists were paralyzed by an inability to understand how the Bible was being used in policy debates.

They failed, for example, to neutralize, or even respond to, the Christian Right's dubious arguments concerning "what the Bible says" about homosexuality. Nor did they seem to understand that Mainline Protestants, progressive Catholics and so forth, may have shared their misgivings about Evangelical and Fundamentalist readings. To wit, they failed to understand who their allies were.

That type of knowledge required an understanding of how the Bible was composed thousands of years ago and how it has been interpreted across time and space. It required understanding why not all Christians interpret their Scriptures the same way.

That sort of knowledge doesn't come easy--but it strikes me as a lot closer to the definition of religious knowledge than knowing the name of the first book of the Bible.

Beware of Polling Organizations Bearing Rifts: Yet in terms of generating "click" Pew's decision to emphasize in their "Executive Summary" the finding that Atheist Gallant had outperformed Evangelical/Catholic Goofus was a masterstroke.

The media loves the genre of "New Atheist/Fundie Smackdown." It's entertaining. It generates page views. It doesn't require much thought or analysis.

And for these reasons many Americans receive the impression that debates between Dinesh D'Souza and Christopher Hitchens are of great national import.

Mark my words: this is but a (circus) sideshow. The real, hot, ideological action in the United States is taking place within religious traditions, sometimes even within a given house of worship. Those debates are raw and bitter and combustive and complex and their outcomes will shape our society for generations to come.

I speak of the pitched battles that set Evangelicals against Mainliners, Conservative Catholics against Progressive Catholics, Orthodox Jews against secular ones--those internal disagreements about homosexuality, abortion, foreign policy and so on, need to be watched very closely.

Pew did compare the scores of Evangelicals vs. Mainliners. But made little of the significance of those findings. Completely left out of their research design was the exploration of divisions within Catholicism (are the traditionalists more "literate" than the modernizers?) and within Judaism (Want to stir the pot? How about studying knowledge discrepancies between Orthodox and Reform Jews).

As for Islam--where the outcome of the rift between traditional and modern wings will determine all of our futures--Pew was not able to find enough Muslims to interview and hence left them out of their results.

Questions about the Questions: Which brings us to survey itself. At least eight questions of the thirty-two posed by Pew strike me as problematic.

One is flat out wrong. Pew begrudgingly admits on its website that the query about Buddhism permitted two possible answers.

Another prompt is not as much incorrect as it is truly bewildering. The survey asks: "Which of the following statements best describes what the U.S. Constitution says about religion?" Pew's correct answer is the puzzling paraphrase: "The government [(!)] shall neither establish a religion nor interfere [(!)] with the practice [(!)] of religion."

At first glance, I was sure this was a trick question. Like many Americans, the sixteen words of the religion clauses are emblazoned on my civic soul. Why Pew would want to re-word the Constitution on a test purporting to measure religious knowledge is beyond me.

By my count six other questions have little to do with what scholars of religion consider as their subject matter. The three questions on the religious majorities of Pakistan, India and Indonesia seem more like they belong on a geography or geo-politics survey.

Also tangential are the three prompts about United States Supreme Court decisions. Those seem more appropriate to a political science survey. I suspect the folks at Pew placed those questions as dots for dopey journos to connect.

The Passions of Fact Tanks. And connect the dots the dopey journos did!

Of course, after the survey went viral, the Pew team helped draw out the conclusion that the nation needed religious studies programs in public schools. All the better to alleviate the alarming crisis in literacy! (Buried in the report, however, was the intriguing nugget that those who attended religious private schools scored lower than those who attended nonreligious private schools).

My concern is that years before the survey went viral members of the Pew team were making exactly the same point. One of the drafters of the study was the aforementioned Stephen Prothero who has been advocating on behalf of this issue for a long time.

Another person who offered "insightful advice" to Pew was Charles Haynes. Haynes has spent years green-lighting, endorsing, and OP-EDing religious studies programs for public schools, all the while presenting himself as the staunchest of First Amendment defenders.

Professor Prothero certainly has a right to lobby for this cause. I certainly do not support his cause, but I applaud his willingness to bring his scholarly research to a wider audience. More power to him.

Yet I have to ask: why would a nonpartisan, nonadvocacy fact tank design a survey tool leading us to conclusions which its designers have passionately endorsed?

Sometimes we ask certain questions because we so much like certain answers.

(The author wishes to thank Mr. Sam Dinger for invaluable research assistance and evaluation of PEW's data)

By Jacques Berlinerblau |  October 23, 2010; 11:34 AM ET

 | Category:  Georgetown/On Faith , The God Vote Save & Share:  Send E-mail   Facebook   Twitter   Digg   Yahoo Buzz   Del.icio.us   StumbleUpon   Technorati  
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Secular said: "Whither away the vile [religious] texts, and meet your cousins the tomes of AlChemistry, & Astrology on the dust heap of history."

You raise another interesting point about the survey. No questions were asked about Mithra, Aten, Odin, Zeus, Huitzilopochtli etc. They are no longer religious figures--they are mythological figures. The only difference between them and Jehovah, God, Buddha, Allah, Brahman etc. is that the latter have living believers. The newspaper on the nearby military base lists a pagan among the chaplains available for counseling to members of the force. I hope we don't see mythological figures returned to the realm of religion rather than current religious figures relegated to the realm of mythology.

Posted by: MaryC4 | October 27, 2010 9:35 AM
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Has anyone else noticed that the snobbish, elitist, holier than thou, superiority outlook of some is not limited to whether or not they have a belief in God.

Some might say that this is part of human nature, some may even say that it is the germ of all warfare, whether on a global scale or individual scale, whereas others say that the germ of warfare is attributable to something that is not in them but is most definitely in others.

By the way, I only saw the five or so sample questions of the aforementioned survey and I think that that survey was a total joke.

For one thing, they called it a religious survey and, at least from the sample, it had very little to do with religion and/or beliefs.

Of course modern man sure does like to quantify things and to extrapolate their own preconceived notions from the data quite often.

Surveys and statistics, have you ever noticed how the same survey and the same set of statistics can be interpreted in completely juxtaposed conclusions.

This is not something that only the politicians are good at.

See you all in the Kingdom.

Take care, be ready.

Sincerely, Thomas Paul Moses Baum.

Posted by: ThomasBaum | October 26, 2010 6:05 PM
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"With a little more deliberation in the choice of their pursuits, all men would perhaps become essentially students and observers, for certainly their nature and destiny are interesting to all alike. In accumulating property for ourselves or our posterity, in founding a family or a state, or acquiring fame even, we are mortal; but in dealing with truth we are immortal, and need fear no change nor accident. The oldest Egyptian or Hindoo philosopher raised a corner of the veil from the statue of the divinity; and still the trembling robe remains raised, and I gaze upon as fresh a glory as he did, since it was I in him that was then so bold, and it is he in me that now reviews the vision. No dust has settled on that robe; no time has elapsed since that divinity was revealed. That time which we really improve, or which is improvable, is neither past, present, nor future."

Thoreau

Posted by: FRIENDENEMY1 | October 26, 2010 4:04 PM
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Thank you MaryC4, for validating my thesis that this pew survey actually has a silver lining to it. If fewer people learn about these totally less than worthless texts, then fewer and fewer will make them their guiding lights. Which would mean we will have finally gotten rid of the albatross that has been hanging around the humanity's neck for over 5000 years. Whither away the vile texts, and meet your cousins the tomes of AlChemistry, & Astrology on the dust heap of history.

Posted by: Secular | October 26, 2010 3:09 PM
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It seems fairly predictable that while most Americans are raised in a religious faith, atheists and agnostics will be more knowledgeable about religion in general. They rejected their birth religion and probably studied other faiths before deciding they were atheists or agnostics.

My own children were raised as atheists, and I have no doubt would score as poorly as any of the evangelicals or Catholics did on the Pew survey. We told them we don't care if they join any religion as long as they remain compassionate and reasonable human beings. So far I have seen no inclination in them to find a "faith" to occupy their thoughts and put a claim on their wallets. Maybe if you're raised without a "God," you aren't left with a feeling that something is missing if you don't have religion.

I hope I am around in 20 years to hear the results of a similar survey. Those surveyed will be the offspring of vaguely "spiritual" Americans who don't know or care to know any of the actual theological tenets of the faiths they profess to follow. Will this result in a generation of people focused intensely on the divisive aspects of religion, or a generation even less relgious than their parents? I am inclined to think America will go the way of Europe, and become less relgious, but America has enough differences that it might be more complicated.

Posted by: MaryC4 | October 26, 2010 10:09 AM
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Transubstantiation is the Roman transit system. You go into the train as a human and you come out as communion wafers.

Yes, JIHADIST, god is great. I'm sure god would have a perfect score on the quiz.

Peace and love.

Posted by: FRIENDENEMY1 | October 26, 2010 9:33 AM
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Catholic Atheists scored better than the other atheists. We're better than the rest of you.


*******************************************

:)

Catholic atheists? Like Jewish atheists? Or, is it cultural Catholics or secular Catholics like cultural and secular Jews?
I've heard of cultural or secular Muslims, but I've always thought that they are a contradiction.

And certainly Muslims will do badly on the Pew pop quiz on religions and religious knowledge trivia pursuit.

I've never heard or nor know what Transubtantiation is. First time I saw that word, I thought it has something to do with the mass transit system and subway stations.

My excuse - God is Allknowing, but I'm not.


Posted by: Jihadist | October 26, 2010 9:18 AM
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Catholic Atheists scored better than the other atheists. We're better than the rest of you.

Posted by: FRIENDENEMY1 | October 26, 2010 6:14 AM
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Jacques,

I sympathize; every time I weigh myself, and it shows that I weight more than I should, I get angry at the scale.

Posted by: PSolus | October 25, 2010 6:00 PM
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Of course what the study points out is the relative shallowness of American though whether on their oh so important religion, their precious Constitution rights of freedoms and liberty, or just the basic nutritional facts of their food! Few Catholics consider themselves to be cannibals when they eat the "real " flesh of their God and drink his "real" blood! No Evangelical is deterred by the 10,000 years of recorded Chinese and Indian history, much less the Billions of years revealed by scientific research when accepting their interpreted day of creation! And apparently few Muslims don't believe Mohammad rode his horse to heaven and if martyred they will not be in some place with 40 endlessly virgin women for their personal pleasure! The Jews think their God gave them some sort of perpetual ownership of some land in the Middle East and that they are granted the right to murder anyone who stands in their way of reclaiming the lands abandoned centuries ago! Ignorance is a powerful force which happily leads the species to self annihilation!

Posted by: CHAOTICIAN101 | October 25, 2010 3:10 PM
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At the first reading of the article I was persuaded by Jacques Berlinerblau that the survey was superfluous. It is indeed superfluous, even when I first saw it and took it. On the other hand what can you expect in a multi-choice survey like this. There is an upper bound to number of question that can be asked and the format cannot be a set of open ended question requiring thoughtful answers. Which also brings in far too many subjective criteria into play on part of the evaluators. that is why it is called a survey not a study. It may not be a big feather in the atheist cap, but most certainly it a big egg, perhaps an Ostrich egg, on the theist's face.

I do take a strong issue with Jacques Berlinerblau, contention that knowledge of religions is really needed of the secular. Not every run of the mill secular is sitting there in those halls of congress or white house shaping the policy. It undoubtedly is helpful for those in the policy making arena to be knowledgeable in several areas of non-knowledge - like religion, astrology, etc, along with areas of knowledge, such History, Geography, Sciences, Mathematics. For the common man making a living as an engineer, chemist, truck driver, or what have you knowledge of religion adds nothing to his repertoire of tools he needs to earn his living or living her life. I don't attach much value to the understanding the concept of transubstantiation. Does it really matter to know the difference between that and the concept of an haunted house. Both are patently unadulterated horse manure, whether one is more of olive drab as opposed to just plain dark brown is of no consequence. The little we know of religion better it is to banish it to teh dust heap of history.

One last thing the author writes in the end parenthetically "The author wishes to thank Mr. Sam Dinger for invaluable research assistance and evaluation of PEW's data". Is wishing same as action in the US. I know, I am being very anal retentive here. This seems to be universal in the US to say "Wish to thank" than just saying "thanks". I do not understand it's ubiquity.

Posted by: Secular | October 25, 2010 2:47 PM
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While the questions that were asked were trivial, shouldn't that mean that they would be at least moderately easier to answer. I would, as an agnostic (who you once again denigrated by saying you'd leave us til later... and then ignoring a whole side of the non-faith community) say that while a practicing Catholic or Evangelical Protestant is certainly more aware of the various specifics of their faiths than someone who has taken a passing interest in it from the outside, the very absolutist nature of religion itself makes them less likely to honestly investigate or attempt to understand other faiths. If your deity is the only true deity, why would you place sufficient value on someone else's faith to look into it if it is inherently wrong. With a mind closed to the possibilities of other faiths because of the depth of your own attachment to your own, it takes a remarkable amount of honesty to look outside and attempt to understand something. My biggest problem with the survey is that it, like most commentators (yourself included) lump agnostics and atheists together. As a person who does not deny the possibility of the existence of a higher power, but merely (in my mind anyways) seeks to understand how to interact with that possibility and how it may interact with the world, I find it personally insulting to be lumped in with atheists who have made their decision about the question which I believe I will spend the rest of my life trying to answer. I despise the assumption that because I question something and am looking for a way to personally understand it, I deny it's existence. I take great pains in my life to respect the religious views of those around me, even if i disagree with them, as long as they are not harmful to others. I sincerely wish that Pew, the pundits, and supposed experts like yourself would show the same courtesy.

Posted by: PaulBoudreau | October 25, 2010 2:39 PM
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If you tell a religiously dogmatic atheist that you are a member of a certain "Christian" church, he will tell you what you are supposed to believe.

Many atheists are anti-christs (I spell that with a small "c" because Jesus predicted that ...there would be lots of them in the future.

I used to belong to a Two-Spirit (Gay Native American) Men's Support Group which was sponsored by the Tulsa Indian Health Care Resource Center's Behavioral Health Department.

One time we views a PBS-TV video, "SPIRIT: a journey in dance, drums and song," which was conceived and composed by Peter Buffett.

In the program, a person has a spiritual encounter with the creator (and this was before the days when things were written down).

After the program was over, I mentioned how Abraham had a similar encounter. One of the guys in attendance that night got very angry because (he thought) I brought up "Christianity."

I told him that I didn't say one thing about Christianity; the story of Abraham is in the Old Testament. Abraham wasn't a "Christian."

Posted by: joe_allen_doty | October 25, 2010 2:25 PM
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Face it, atheists first and foremost, reject the obvious notion that some man made book is some great revelation of some mythical God that can be used to create a code of behavior to reap some Godly reward! On the other hand, such books often make great reading, can be quite entertaining, include some pearls of wisdom that can enrich a persons life, and provide some historical insight into ancient cultures.

The universal problems arise when these hoary books are used as manuals for how Man must live today! It occurs when priests and politicians use these books to control behavior, when the books are used for extortion, racketeering, propaganda, and immoral inhumane actions! These books have been used to justify the most inhumane acts of men and continue to be misused today! These books must be demystified and relegated to historical novels!

Posted by: CHAOTICIAN101 | October 25, 2010 2:20 PM
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Thank you, "On Faith"; and most of all, thank you, Jacques Berlinerblau. I was already having bad feelings about that survey and its results. Berlinerblau articulates this and much more.

I wonder: Is it possible for any organization to formulate a survey that acurately, fairly, and comprehensively measure our knowledge of religion? And at higher cognitive levels than mere facts?

Even if it can be done, it would take much longer to fill out than the Pew Forum survey. Few of us can spare the time, which would surely skew the results.

And evaluating the results would be a real can of worms. No, better make that a whole barrel!

Posted by: Mary_Anne_Landers | October 25, 2010 1:53 PM
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I don't think you quite get it. These questions are on fundamental points of theology. People have *died* because of the doctrine of Transubstantiation, and the fact that a majority of Catholics surveyed didn't know that is shameful. To complain that those questions were just of "Jeopardy" quality is really disingenuous. Do you just want people to parrot 'God is love' in church, and then vote against gay rights because a priest tells them? People need to know what is in their religions, and the fact that atheists come out of religions should be disturbing. The fact that atheists tested well on this test means they not only come out of those religions, it means they studied them, and found them lacking. And that the people who stayed ignored extra-curricular knowledge. Going to church doesn't teach you much of anything about the religious doctrines, and that is something to be ashamed of.

Posted by: Sajanas | October 25, 2010 12:21 PM
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