Anthony M. Stevens-Arroyo
Director, Research Center for Religion in Society and Culture

Anthony M. Stevens-Arroyo

Anthony M. Stevens-Arroyo is Professor Emeritus of Puerto Rican and Latino Studies at Brooklyn College and Distinguished Scholar of the City University of New York.

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Entropy, Apocalypse and All That Jazz

Do you prefer “entropy” or “apocalypse” to describe the end of the world? After all, it is hardly a matter of faith that the laws of physics apply to this solar system.

As a layman, I understand “entropy” to represent the eventual failure of the sun to generate light and heat because its critical mass of exploding gases has been exhausted. Of course, just plain old pollution on earth could cut choke out life even before the cataclysmic effects of entropy. In any case, the end of the world is scientifically predictable.

“Apocalypse,” however, is another issue.

This word adds ciphers to the description of physical events, requiring an understanding of such symbols to grasp a multi-layered reality. To use a non-religious example, the handshake between Yasser Arafat of the PLO and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin was a symbol of the event of signing a multiple page agreement about a peace plan at Oslo in 1993. The treaty was effective without the handshake, but the handshake created an iconic image for a long and (sadly) still incomplete process.

Symbols are valuable tools for communicating a complex reality. Beyond a merely rational evaluation based on learning, the symbol has emotional content and can be understood by people divorced from the details of the negotiations. Apocalypse in this sense has been an indispensable tool in human evolution because it cultivates wonder, amazement, and mystery that feed the scientific and artistic curiosities of our species. We would not have knowledge of biology, chemistry or astronomy on the one hand or of written language, poetry, or art on the other without the ability to create symbols or to decipher them.

But just as there are good symbols, there are bad symbols. The handshake of Arafat and Rabin represented a process that stalled and has run aground. It would be a mistake to transfer truth away from physical reality to an eviscerated symbol. In the politics of the USA there are all kinds of phony symbols: Bush’s “Mission Accomplished” banner in 2003 comes to mind – but there are many more and from all sides of the political spectrum. Precisely because they are complex, symbols need to be treated with care.

Although entropy is a physical inevitability, it may not be enough to rationally understand that our planet will eventually be destroyed: we may need to mobilize people to act on that knowledge by appeal to emotions encouraging altruism and framing the sting of mortality with the trimmings of teleology. Most of the world’s religions have done that throughout the ages by providing a symbolic meaning to human finitude. “Happy Hunting Ground,” “Paradise,” “Heaven and Hell,” “Pearly Gates” are all metaphors derived from religion that provide iconic images for the last things. They both comfort and cajole the collective human psyche.

In my book, it would be a good thing, for instance, to provide symbols and images in describing global warming. You might even win an Oscar if you described this inconvenient truth through film. While an apocalyptic view is not the same as the scientific fact and often is vulnerable to manipulation, its value consists in spurring people to collective action.

The Early Christian Church adopted a writing filled with images of the end of the world. Known to some as “The Book of Revelations” and to others as “The Apocalypse,” this part of the Christian scriptures encouraged those being persecuted by Imperial Rome to persevere in their faith. The positive images of eternal reward were intended to counteract the frightful prospect of being devoured by wild beasts to cheering hordes of bloodthirsty pagans in a Roman arena. Understood in the context provided by the teaching of the church, this scripture provided a “good” symbol. It continues to have relevance to the faithful, even if the historical context has changed.

Unfortunately, not all believers rely on the community of the church when they interpret such symbols. Relying on subjective and individualistic conclusions, some have made the Book of Revelation into a political primer for the right-wing political causes. (It would be just as bad if it were a political primer for the left wing!) In a word, just as in secular events there are both good and bad uses of symbols, we find the same pattern in religion. I reject these overwrought descriptions of the end of the world as bad theology.

Nonetheless, the apocalypse described by people of faith is not much different from how humanity creates a symbolic field of understanding for empirically experienced events. To people of faith, these symbols carry more weight than others because of their linkage to a heritage with special origins.

Believers in the Abrahamic faiths read that God gave the human race “stewardship over the earth” in the Book of Genesis: If that argumentation motivates more people to environmental concern, I see no harm in adding a touch of religious imagery to science. Thus, I will accept the scientific inevitability of the end of the world, but I will not find fault with those who use apocalyptic religious symbols to raise awareness of how the human race can better encounter this moment.

By Anthony M. Stevens-Arroyo  |  March 22, 2007; 7:37 AM ET Save & Share:  Send E-mail   Facebook   Twitter   Digg   Yahoo Buzz   Del.icio.us   StumbleUpon   Technorati  
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MO writes "...remember you are body and soul "

Even if this was true (and why should it be?), how would we know that the "divine revelations" that you call on us to study are really divine or that they would have any effect on our "soul"? There are so many different revelations that have been claimed to be divine, and they say things that cannot be reconciled with each other.

Most scientists would argue that we are only bodies, and that consciousness is an emergent property of brain function. I believe that when I die, that's it. I wasn't alive in 1900 and I won't be alive in 2100. But does that mean I should stop being a scientist?

Posted by: Ba'al | March 23, 2007 9:49 AM
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science and revelation.
to those who they are so scientific,pay a short visit to the nearst grave yard(it doesnot matter if its jewish or chrisitan or muslim)and see for your self that death is scientific reality of this life,death of the individual is the end of his life on this planet earth.science and scientific methodolgy and technology will stop right there at the edge of the grave yard and cannot go no further,at this point you need divine revelation to tell you the news of the under ground and the news of after death.
scientistes need to differintiate between the (seen)and the (unseen)biology and metabiology,phisque and meta phisque,remember you are body and soul ,you can pay a short visit to the morgue or to the funeral home and study the body as much scientific as you can ,but donot try and waste your time to find where is the soul because that is beyond you and way beyond your state of the art scientification and technologication,you simply need to refer to divine revelation,if you know the secret of life you may be able to know the secret of death then we would not be siting in here trying to figure out what will happen at the end of the world.

the (judochristianscientific)culture realy need teminology shake up,need to be exposed to the true divine revelation.

sceintists and others in previous nations(the sun rose on people befor us)been debating on this issue long time ago,where they are now?you can certainly go to the grave yard and get the big huge list of those who died befor us whether scientific or none scientific they all dead,they all gone you and me are no exception,death shall come to you even if you lock your self in the most highest strength scientific stell alloy fort.so deal with it and stop the scientific runing and diariea.
know and study who creat you and who shall take your soul and what will happen at the grave yard and what will happen after the grave yard.
science and revelation work together.

Posted by: mo | March 23, 2007 12:40 AM
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If we make the right collective choices, then I believe that the world will experience change of phase, rather than an end. The next 3 to 5 years is very critical. Will Iran and(or) a terrorist group get nuclear weapons and use them? Guidance can come from others, but ultimately people need to find peace and enlightenment from within themselves. I would like to share something VERY special with everyone. Have you ever heard Joe Cocker singing "With A Little Help From My Friends" at Woodstock? "The Wonder Years" theme version, just is not the same! I have discovered dates, names, events, and social trends, which link the original American Woodstock music festival of 1969 and at least one of the Dead Sea Scrolls(discovered near the Dead Sea in 1947). I have mp3's and scanned pages from books for proof at my website, titled, "Woodstock and Dead Sea Scroll Connections". I make no attempts to make money from this information, that would ruin the spirit of it al. Once people have stopped scoffing long enough to read my website and listen to the music involved, they are often spiritually moved.

Posted by: Dan Schoenfelder | March 22, 2007 9:44 PM
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Ola, Att: Professor A. M. S. ARROYO et al: on Entropy, Apocalypse and All That Jazz:

From: A SECULAR MIND;

Today Is: Universal Year Circa 4.98 Billion, 3.22.07; (Age of our planet & right now). Short hand: UYC 4B.98M/3.22.07. :-)'

ALL our pre-Apocalyptic religious flavors, along with their own competing SYMBOLIC belief SYSTEMS, desperately need not just a major overhaul and change for a global audience, but they also need a better and more improved religious-like Philosophy based on Facts in our experiencing TRANSFINITY (Reality).

Welcome World: I now give & present to you, as food for thought, a sort of MANNA from heaven or Bread to enlighten you and instill in your heads and in your hearts A GENUINE PROPHECY WHO'S TIME HAS COME. Praise the Lord ECLATi. Note: Please see Mr. Mel Gibson's latest movie, APACOLYPTO. Yet today those "Savages" are people like you et al.

Can you Imagine a religious sort of conquest resulting in a true VICTORY OF THOUGHT on Space Ship earth, by the power love, truth & facts via the SECULAR International Community Movement(SICM), and an eventual TRANSFORMATION of ALL your known "Abrahamic" minded religions and ALL the "Vedic" minded religions et al?

Thus the majority of our Future & Space forth Bound Humates, will convert to ECLAT [This is the new Belief/Faith that Albert Eisenstein himself predicted and prophesized that will come to ALL those who have longed for such a spiritual like COSMIC FEELINGS with "SOURCE ONE" (Moses companion and who's "Cosmic Pen" etched those very COMMANDMENTS on two seperate but single tablet) as being our Almighty as G-d ITSELF!

Today, some but not most Humates will know and will find IT themselves. note: IT means The LORD G-d is NOT, I repeat, not a He nor She but an IT and of ITSELF in you, for you, and by you. You are IT).

A Vision: In around 400 years from now (2444) your ancient faith will completely go POOF-TIME in the minds as the signs of the times and there will be a GREAT USHERING OF A NEW AGE, WITH A NEW SONG for a Healing of the Nations with genuine World Peace [The End of Holocausts forever] and Happiness (w/ knowledge & Very Long lives)for all posterity to enjoy and into our SPACEFORTH ACTIVITIES. Note: There will also be ONE WORLD GOVERNMENT and ONE DEMOCRATIC GLOBAL VOTARY ASSOCIATIONS and populations or colonies will be living on Sister Mood and Brother Mars. Praise ECLAT! Yes Praise the Lord. Hugs N Kisses to ALL ECLAT-i-on's and LET THERE BE PHOTONS. P.S. Believe IT or not, There will also be an eight (8) day week too! Wow. Eeee Haaa. :-)'

Your Idea of ENTROPY conflicts with my Secular idea of what Entropy actually is, especially when one sees, him or her self as a conscious, existing & being with Source One. Thus, the MIRACLE of our existing selves is that, we are: A CARBONIZED, PLASMATIC & MAGMA-TRICULATED LIFE-FORM. Hence LIFE-IS-A-MIRACLE and there is ZERO SIN ABOUT BIRTH and that is contrary to ALL ancient belief systems in our advancing world.

It is true that we were molded by some mysterious Invisible Power via Heat/Cold, Gas & particles billions of years ago and that we indeed cometh from ash and ash we goeth for another cycle of a miracle form, Like from Caterpillar to Butterfly but more with more elegance.

Yes, It is also inevitable that Grandma-Sun, Space-Ship Mother-Earth, Sister Moon, Brother Mars, Even Grandpa Milky way Galaxy et al, will go the way of Dinosaur & Fossil, for another recreation of any every and ALL Animate & Inanimate experience and in any form existence a/k/a REALITY. SHOLOM!

Posted by: Jacob Jozevs | March 22, 2007 5:36 PM
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"Norrie Hoyt:

Ba'al,

Have you noticed that this topic is attracting far fewer comments than usual?

I suppose it's because people don't want to face up to the end of everything.

Or else they figure there's nothing to be said about it, which may well be the case.

Posted March 22, 2007 10:52 AM"

It's an idiotic subject - it's loaded with "symbolism" and it's CHRISTIAN-BASED pablum.

And...(OOoooPs) IT'S JUST IN TIME FOR EASTER.

Yep. Perhaps the adults have something better to do with their time and words.

Posted by: Anonymous | March 22, 2007 4:56 PM
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I was thinking about the phrase that nothing is certain beside death and taxes. But that's a pessimistic view - you always need life before you can have death. So nothing is certain but life and taxes.

Posted by: Tomcat | March 22, 2007 4:42 PM
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Mr. Arroyo,

You make a good argument. In my opinion. But as with Global Warming as in any issue that our politicians deal with it can be extremely difficult to discern just how serious the issue is at the present moment. I consider it a serious issue myself. Global Warming will have untold negative consequences on the next generations. Be it the "End of Days" brought about by God in the Bible, or a world that is no longer inhabatible by humans and animals due to our on greed, and selfishness, the end result is the same. We as humans have created this mess, and we can keep on perpetuating it or get into the solution. I just wonder though if all of humankind can ever agree on the solutions. Or do we just keep lurching along while applying band-aids to the mounting problems so indidviduals and or nations will not have to really sacrifice our standard of living for a better future for the next generations, and the world as a whole.

Posted by: Bobster | March 22, 2007 11:40 AM
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"I will accept the scientific inevitability of the end of the world, but I will not find fault with those who use apocalyptic religious symbols to raise awareness of how the human race can better encounter this moment."

Stevens-Arroyo is mistaken about the use of those symbols. They are not being used to raise awareness. Instead, they are being used to punish outsiders, as Ba'al mentioned above. According those symbols, the end of the world is a deliberate punishment from a displeased supreme being. That's different from the natural death of the Sun, or even from global warming if one assumes that human action is the cause, since those are natural consequences.

Posted by: Tonio | March 22, 2007 11:04 AM
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Ba'al,

Have you noticed that this topic is attracting far fewer comments than usual?

I suppose it's because people don't want to face up to the end of everything.

Or else they figure there's nothing to be said about it, which may well be the case.

Posted by: Norrie Hoyt | March 22, 2007 10:52 AM
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On the other hand, the apocalyptic visions described by some "people of faith" have completely taken the Book of Revelation out of its original historical context. The favored interpretation among this group sees the universe as being set up for the sole purpose of punishing outsiders who don't believe all of the dogma that emerged in the 4th and 5th centuries. This reaches an extreme in the case of Protestant sects that believe that there is an "elect" that will be "saved", and literally to Hell with the rest -- and that God had it in mind from the start.

Now wanting the universe to be set up that way does not make it so, and make no mistake about it, crazy people like the authors of the Left Behind books take sadistic pleasure in imagining the sufferings of the "Others". This silly doctrine is also used as an indoctrination technique and to scare children.

Posted by: Ba'al | March 21, 2007 12:49 PM
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Very nicely said, Professor Stevens-Arroyo.

It seems to me that it's easier for most people to accept a scientific or apocalyptic vision of the end of the world than to imagine the death of a relative, friend, or even a pet. Probably because the former seems more abstract and farther away in time.

Posted by: Norrie Hoyt | March 20, 2007 8:16 PM
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