Anthony M. Stevens-Arroyo
Director, Research Center for Religion in Society and Culture

Anthony M. Stevens-Arroyo

Anthony M. Stevens-Arroyo is Professor Emeritus of Puerto Rican and Latino Studies at Brooklyn College and Distinguished Scholar of the City University of New York.

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And Who is My Neighbor?

The issue is not whether to love or be compassionate or forgive: at stake is whom do you love or forgive compassionately? On that point, we have almost as many formulae as we have religions.

Buddhism has an excellent record on the love, compassion and forgiveness for all as advocated by the Dalai Lama. Among Christians, denominations like the Quakers and the Amish, have distinguished themselves by abjuring all violence and conflict. They follow literally Jesus’ instruction to Christians to “turn the other cheek” and “to love your enemies.” But the histories of these religions pinpoint the problem: “What do you do when the other party uses violence unjustly?” In the case of the Buddhists of India in the 12th century, they lost hegemony to a renascent Hinduism and were driven back into monasteries in order to practice their religion. The Quakers – Society of Friends, officially – have carved out a small, but important niche in US society as frontline missionaries of compassion. However, their numbers remain very small. The Amish have established communities for their own people, not very different in function from the Buddhist monasteries. The Amish are among those who have learned that you do not need to confront the unjust violence of others if you live alone and apart all the time.

What can be said about religions (or denominations) that do not follow the path to segregation from society? First, we can predict lots of mistakes by becoming entangled with power and national interests. Second, we can expect a tendency to religious monopoly. This turns segregation on its head: you don’t have to retreat to isolation in order to avoid “the other” if the only people in society are those who profess your faith. Happily, the option of religious monopoly has been on the wane in Europe and the Americas since the Peace of Westphalia (1648). (In fact, the Society of Friends and the Mennonites developed in the aftermath of Westphalia).

This leads to the third option for preaching love, compassion and forgiveness: tolerance. Once you realize that attacking “the other” goes against the core of your religious beliefs, you must find a way of holding onto your own religion without denying everyone else’s rights to the same thing. While still competing for converts, most of Christianity has adopted tolerance towards other denominations. We still find religious voices proclaiming things like: “Outside the (Catholic) Church, there is no salvation.” But those who believe the like are (now) considered heretics. Likewise, some denominations believe Predestination condemns Muslims, Jews and homosexuals, but they seem to be only a minority.

We ought not to be blind to the danger of religious minorities who twist their faith into an excuse to deny salvation, equal rights or humanity to “the other,” but on the other hand, such exaggeration does not represent the majority of religious believers in the world. Moreover, the historical record suggests that when there is contact among religions preaching the Dalai Lama’s description of love, compassion and forgiveness, tolerance is the result. In finding a way to protect themselves, religions wind up teaching the world how to tolerate others. In this context, therefore, what the world needs now is more religions.

By Anthony M. Stevens-Arroyo  |  October 23, 2007; 9:30 AM ET  | Category:  Interfaith Issues Save & Share:  Send E-mail   Facebook   Twitter   Digg   Yahoo Buzz   Del.icio.us   StumbleUpon   Technorati  
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I think in answer to your basic question "who is my neighbor", the person or person we are relating to at any one time. Being genuine in personal and social relationships is a necessary part of social integrity. Unfortunately in the world today we are facing more and more people who are manipulative and controlling and these people do not relate in any genuine fashion. They are anti-social and threaten community all over the world, in every country. Many of them can also be found in religious organizations, appearing as devoute when their real aim is to make the different religions appear to be at fault. All religions fundamentally teach love and compassion and respect for others. We need to be able to identify those individuals within the various religions who distort the truth and look to use such distortion to cause disharmony and suffering in others. They have no place in any religious organization. It is for members of each religious group to be vigilant, to see beyond the false face that they present and to disallow these people to be spokespeople at the very least, because as spokespeople they influence others adversely. Really these people have no place within any religious group.

Posted by: Anonymous | November 26, 2007 9:42 AM
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I agree with your perspective, except for its reference to Buddhism. Among other measures against the absurdity of war, most contemporary Buddhists advocate the total and effective abolition of nuclear weapons as a threat to all humans. But in what Shakyamuni predicted as the Latter Day of the Law—a time of widespread materialism, dehumanization, hatred and conflict—nations must be prepared to defend themselves. First, by words instead of weapons, but if wisdom and dialog fail, with force by default. Like you say, the best strategy to avoid and overcome external attack is to promote domestic peace and harmony, so that all citizens are ready to stand together. History has shown what Amilcar Cabral taught: “Um povo unido jamais será vencido.” When driven by compassionate spirituality and respectful unity, even as small a force as a single leader can overcome a great enemy driven by hateful and exclusionary ideals.

Posted by: Jose Hernandez | November 9, 2007 2:10 PM
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Well, I observe that the 'Do unto others as you'd have them do unto you' is inadequately-respectful of others.

Too many believe 'If I were unfortunate enough not to agree with me, I'd want someone to come along and force me to comply.'

Much Dark Ages ensues.

Not good enough.

How bout respecting how *others* want to be treated?

Posted by: Paganplace | October 24, 2007 1:07 AM
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Chappell:

When I began reading your response I felt complete agreement. I thought, "(s)he's right, 'tolerance' just isn't strong enough, as it suggests merely putting up with someone else's beliefs. 'Respect' is a better reflection of the level of mutual acceptance that would help the world to overcome its religious divisions." Boy, was I duped by my own understanding of the English language. The idea that "injustice" can grow out of respect or tolerance is such a warped, twisted view of what Jesus taught. Regarding "do unto others..." you conveniently left out the "as you would have them do unto you" part. The history of human interaction guided by the goal of "exposing and enforcing" the word of an absolutist god has led only to mistrust, disrespect, and unnecessary subjugation and bloodshed.

Posted by: Rafael | October 24, 2007 12:01 AM
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I actually think that may have been one of the more important moments in my life...

Cause I'll tell you, it was that time in history, and I was *scared* of the Russians. Scrawny Irish chick seeing who was to be my dear friend being smacked around by kids that may as well have been the Pittsburgh Steelers for all it mattered...

I don't know just what I said, but I toed a line in the loose sand of some blacktop, and I don't think I knew what I was about until the moment I realized I was doing it.

It said, 'America starts here. Right now.'

Forget about what's 'never been tried.'

We're still supposed to be trying *that,* and if that ain't good enough for any view of supernatural beings, well, they can stuff it.

Let's not give up on this.

Posted by: Paganplace | October 23, 2007 11:33 PM
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Cause, you know, my best friend in young life, and surrogate family as a runaway were Russian Jews who escaped Soviet Russia without much of anything, and you know what?


They used to say the 'Never been tried' thing about Communism.

How bout we ease up on the theocracy?

Posted by: Paganplace | October 23, 2007 11:19 PM
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"There is an old comment: The trouble with Christianity is not that it has been tried and failed, but that it has never been tried at all."

If that's so, figure you guys could let the world have America a while longer?


Posted by: Paganplace | October 23, 2007 11:15 PM
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I think what religions need to teach is not "tolerance" but acceptance. We need to accept that others believe differently and accept that they have a right to do so. Tolerance implies that one is putting up with something which somehow is not right or is, perhaps, inferior.

The Amish and Mennonites have discovered that apartness in modern society is a delicate thing. The days when isolation from the world was possible are long-since past. At best, one can minimize the influence of worldly things. Moreover, the world sometimes intrudes in ugly ways. 18,000 conscientious objectors were jailed in Canada and the USA during World War I and more (mostly Jehovah's Witnesses) were jailed in World War II. The alternative service offered in WW II included, for some, service as guinea pigs in the American biological warfare program. Others found themselves beaten or stabbed for their non-violent stance.

Unless adherents to the world's largest religious groups learn and practice acceptance, those of us who belong to smaller groups will continue to suffer.

Posted by: MikeLM | October 23, 2007 12:04 PM
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Tolerance is a big part of what's wrong with society. There is a fine line between respect and tolerance and I believe what you are describing is a need for respect among religions. To respect without judging is a principal that dates back to creation. Tolerance however means accepting "the other" while sacrificing our own beliefs. There are in fact tons of great principals established by a vast majority of religions, but to tolerate the belief that there are other "means" of getting to heaven, besides belief in the one true God of the universe and accepting His Son Jesus, is an injustice to "the other". If we tolerate existing religions that are contrary to the word of God, we are infact guilty of injustice and perhaps even heracy. As Christians, we are commanded to "do unto others...", to love as Jesus loved. And in order to "practice what we preach", we must love "the other" while exposing and enforcing the word of God.

Posted by: Chappell | October 23, 2007 11:16 AM
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This was a thoughtful and civil message; however, I do not agree that the world needs more religions. In fact, I think a number of the ones we now have should go away (I get to pick which ones of cours).

Most people seem to need a religion, and some of our current religions have probably done more good than harm in this world, but adding a few new religions to the hundreds (thousands) already existing will not result in more love, compassion, forgiveness, and tolerance.

There is an old comment: The trouble with Christianity is not that it has been tried and failed, but that it has never been tried at all.

Maybe this is a part of what is wrong with most "major religious traditions".

Posted by: Cecil | October 22, 2007 5:33 PM
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Aww... No talk?


How bout a pop song from the 80s, righteous people?

"Ive been waiting for something to happen
For a week or a month or a year
With the blood in the ink of the headlines
And the sound of the crowd in my ear
You might ask what it takes to remember
When you know that youve seen it before
Where a government lies to a people
And a country is drifting to war

And theres a shadow on the faces
Of the men who send the guns
To the wars that are fought in places
Where their business interest runs

On the radio talk shows and the t.v.
You hear one thing again and again
How the u.s.a. stands for freedom
And we come to the aid of a friend
But who are the ones that we call our friends--
These governments killing their own?
Or the people who finally cant take any more
And they pick up a gun or a brick or a stone
There are lives in the balance
There are people under fire
There are children at the cannons
And there is blood on the wire

Theres a shadow on the faces
Of the men who fan the flames
Of the wars that are fought in places
Where we cant even say the names

They sell us the president the same way
They sell us our clothes and our cars
They sell us every thing from youth to religion
The same time they sell us our wars
I want to know who the men in the shadows are
I want to hear somebody asking them why
They can be counted on to tell us who our enemies are
But theyre never the ones to fight or to die
And there are lives in the balance
There are people under fire
There are children at the cannons
And there is blood on the wire"

--Jackson Browne.

So, hey, how you been doing there, Christians?

Just askin and stuff. Seems they're trying to scare you up for another one or two.

Posted by: Paganplace | October 22, 2007 1:46 AM
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Wow, I don't think I've ever heard anyone saying there should be *more* religions. :)

Hey, these things take time. :) We're working on it. :)

I do think it's a great promise of pluralistic society, ....that there really is a strength in diversity, one which we often don't bring to bear on the world's problems because of major religions believing they are threatened by it.

Too often we see in history a pattern where powerful groups develop a narrative where anyone different is some kind of threat, ...the aggressor, and thus need to be suppressed.

We see it when fundamentalists claim to be 'persecuted' by minorities when they don't get exclusive access to government and public institutions and even a voice in the media... when it's treated as 'defending' something to persecute others, or try and extinguish tribal religions and others in the name of 'saving' people...

I certainly think that in a civil and secular society, religions don't have to have this posture toward each other, and to some extent we're having so many of these debates *because* we've had one and certain worldviews *don't like* the tolerance that comes about.

There's a richness to American cultural life that too often goes unappreciated... and as the world becomes more connected, perhaps it will be more global if we all let it.

I think one of the saddest things I hear sometimes is the rate of extinction of languages: with them, perhaps, as many ways of seeing the world.


Absolutist religious ideologies seem to be insisting upon a big collision of cultures, ...maybe there's something that could be done by a coalition of everyone else.

At the very least we could be keeping each other honest.

Posted by: Paganplace | October 19, 2007 2:51 PM
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