A woman's life is a human life
Q: Can you be a feminist and oppose abortion in all circumstances? Can you be a person of faith and support abortion in some circumstances?
One constant that runs through the feminist movement is the assertion that women are fully human. The full humanity of women--as worthy of life, as moral decision-makers and as human selves whose lives actually matter equally with those of men--is the cornerstone of modern feminism and the basis for feminist ethics.
This weekend, at its 155th Commencement, Chicago Theological Seminary awarded an honorary degree to Beverly Wildung Harrison. Harrison is Caroline Williams Beaird Professor of Ethics Emerita at the Union Theological Seminary in New York, where she taught for 34 years. She was the first woman President of The North American Society of Christian Ethics and the author of Our Right to Choose: Toward a New Ethic of Abortion, the ground-breaking work that defined the terms on which women could do moral reasoning on abortion.
In this work, Harrison argues that throughout human history, most often women's biology has determined their status in society, a status that has overwhelmingly been regarded as inferior and dependent. In order to come to understand women as fully human, and in Christian terms, created equally in the image of God, this biologically based view must be overturned. Those who would deny women the right to moral autonomy, the ability to engage in moral reasoning about whether to continue a pregnancy to term or to have an abortion, develop their arguments based on assumptions of women's moral ineptitude. Women are called "selfish," "irresponsible" or even "wanton" and thus rendered incapable of engaging in a moral debate that involves their own bodies, and a physical risk to their own lives. Those who valorize "life" on the one hand, and see no contradiction in supporting war on the other, are revealed in Harrison's work to be operating on premises other than an absolute ethic of "life." It is the moral competence of the decision-maker that is at issue in these ethical debates, whether of war or abortion. Harrison definitively and decisively showed women that they could at least consider whether their entire being is solely defined as nurture and self-sacrifice and she has helped them understand themselves as moral actors. This is a lesson that today's world needs more than ever.
Clearly, for Phoenix Bishop Thomas Olmsted, a woman's life is not fully a human life and worthy of the ethical decision to save her life. This is a tragic attitude that has been developed out of Catholic natural law reasoning--women must be sacrificed to their biology. I am grateful to the nun who supported this decision, and mourn her excommunication for actually being a moral actor.
Abortion is a moral choice that a woman can make, in consultation with her doctors, her partner or spouse and indeed, with her religious adviser if she is a person of faith. It is also a moral choice to believe one's own life has infinite value. Many clergy, from the time abortion became legal, have worked to counsel women and helped them to weigh all the moral responsibilities that enter in to the decision about whether to bring a pregnancy to term--health issues for the fetus, health issues for the woman herself, her responsibility to her other children and/or other people for whom she may be primary caregiver, and even her responsibility to herself and to this world. There is a long faith-history of this work, and it is insulting to the women and men who have engaged in it for decades even to question whether one can be a person of faith and decide to have an abortion. Women do not take this issue lightly; it is a weighty decision and one that in my experience of talking with women who've had abortions, and who have decided not to have abortions, they ponder for many years.
What is so distinctly "un-feminist" in Sarah Palin's speech is the word "always." Feminists tend to reason in context, taking multiple perspectives into account in recognition of the competing claims of justice and mercy in human life. Palin seems to consult herself when making these pronouncements--women who call themselves feminists tend to consult others and try to make informed judgments. That seems a frontier as yet unexplored by Palin.
When you start with the premise that women are human beings, many of these issues become clarified, though that does not make them any less morally complex.
By
Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite
|
May 17, 2010; 4:29 PM ET
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Posted by: grondelsjm | May 28, 2010 7:06 AM
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One would hope that somebody teaching Christian theology would not be so challenged by basic Aristotelian logic. Let's scratch out "abortion" and say "theft." The law prohibits it. Nobody asserts that anti-burglary laws represent assault on "human autonomy" because they do not leave the "choice" to steal or refrain from stealing to the moral agent. Nor does anybody suggest that theft cannot be morally qualified as something wrong independent of the motivations of the moral agent. The same can be said of lots of other moral "choices" that are legally proscribed: rape, abduction, incest, perjury, assault. So why is abortion something sui generis, something so utterly unique that it is immune to moral qualification and that attempts to qualify it represent some sort of undermining of moral "autonomy?" Could it not also be argued that this unique "exception" constitutes question begging by those with a self-interest in evading the moral question?
Posted by: grondelsjm | May 28, 2010 7:06 AM
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Remember that Christianity formed, and the Bible was written, in a time where women were not equal to men. Women had very few rights in the Roman world. They had even less in the Roman client state of Israel. Many of the apostles were hostile towards women (i.e. Peter and Mary Magdalene). Christianity was initally embraced by women more than men because it taught that women were equal to men. Once the men started getting involved, all of that went down the tubes.
Posted by: Athena4 | May 25, 2010 11:56 AM
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Nature or Nature's God is the #1 taker of everyone's life. That gives some rational for killing the unborn or those suffering from dementia, mental disease or Alzheimer's or anyone who might inconvenience our lives???
We constantly battle the forces of nature. We do not succumb to these forces by eliminating defenseless children!!!!!
With respect to saving the life of a mother vs that of her and her husband's child"
With modern technology, that situation is a rare event. When it does occur, the decision should be a made by the mother and father of the child. With no father in the picture, the decision should be left to the mother or her parents if the mother is incapacitated.
And it is very, very disturbing that we give legal protection to the fertilized eggs and the developing young of protected animal and insect species but give no legal protection to our developing young ones.
Again, some famous adoptees:
Andy Berlin - entrepreneur: chairman of Berlin Cameron & Partners
Anthony Williams - politician
Aristotle - philosopher
Art Linkletter - comedian
Bo Diddley - musician, performer
Buffy Sainte-Marie - musician, actress
Carl-Theodor Dreyer - Danish film director
Charlotte Anne Lopez - Miss Teen USA
Christina Crawford - author
Clarissa Pinkola Estes - author
Crazy Horse - Lakota war chief
Dan O'Brien - decathlete
Daunte Culpepper - football player
Dave Thomas - entrepreneur: founder of Wendy's
Debbie Harry - singer
D.M.C. - hip hop artist
Edgar Allan Poe - poet, writer
Edward Albee - playwright
Eleanor Roosevelt - First Lady
Eric Dickerson - athlete
Faith Daniels - news anchor
Faith Hill - country singer
Posted by: YEAL9 | May 20, 2010 12:00 AM
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"The only person who has the right to make any decisions regarding a woman's pregnancy is the woman herself."
Posted by: PSolus
Psolus, I think in law, that's the most straightforward position. I think you have to have a very high standard to invoke force of law in someone else's life. For me, the pro-life arguments don't reach that bar. Again, just my opinion.
One thing I think we all have trouble with is recognizing the difference between what we think is right, and what can be enforced in law. One example of a poorly thought out law is prohibition. Yes, people shouldn't drink their paycheck and beggar their families. Yes, alcoholism is a tragedy. Yes, alcohol contributes to crime and violence. And prohibition changed none of those things, while empowering organized crime and bringing about a disrespect for rule of law that we still have to deal with. Just an historical precedent to consider.
Posted by: gimpi | May 19, 2010 9:16 PM
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"I feel that you really can't have two people in the same body and give them equal weight."
You are correct. At most, you can have one or more fetuses in one person's body - a pregnant woman's body.
"One must take precedence. Most folks on the pro-life side seem to give more weight to the fetus. Most folks on the pro-choice side give more weight to the pregnant woman. I, personally, feel the actual life (the woman) must carry more weight than the potential life (the fetus.) Just my opinion."
The only person who has the right to make any decisions regarding a woman's pregnancy is the woman herself.
Posted by: PSolus | May 19, 2010 7:08 PM
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Lepi,
I e-mailed you with my personal e-mail, but I'm not sure it went through. If I don't hear from you, I'll post my e-mail here. (I'm a bit reluctant to do that, for obvious reasons.)
Posted by: gimpi | May 19, 2010 6:57 PM
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Cassie123, I'm sure you're correct about the spirit of Christ's statements, but I'm afraid you aren't correct about the history of the Christian Church. For most of it's history, (and among some folks today, you see them on this blog) Christianity held the view that women were inherently more sinful than men, that women were responsible for the fall from God's grace, and that they had to be under male control at all times. Women were told to 'feel shame that they were female.' They had to stay away from worship after the birth of a child, for 'purification.' They had to be 'purified twice as long if they gave birth to a girl. They were targeted for brutal attack during the witch hunts, based on belief in their inherent corruptibility. I'm afraid that's the history. If you're interested, I can provide you some links.
What I was discussing is that most Christians no longer believe that dogma. They are more in line with the belief that "...there are no male or female in Christ." However, they still cling to a divine 'chain of command' in the home. They have come up with new reasons for that command-structure. You cite some of them. They may, indeed, be more in keeping with the spirit of Christianity. (Or not, as an outsider, I really can't say.) But, in terms of actual, historical beliefs, they are new. New beliefs to support rules built around discarded beliefs. That was what I found interesting.
As to your views on abortion, as I have said before, I understand your concerns, but I don't share them. I feel that you really can't have two people in the same body and give them equal weight. One must take precedence. Most folks on the pro-life side seem to give more weight to the fetus. Most folks on the pro-choice side give more weight to the pregnant woman. I, personally, feel the actual life (the woman) must carry more weight than the potential life (the fetus.) Just my opinion.
Posted by: gimpi | May 19, 2010 6:51 PM
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I thought feminism was about self-determination and self-empowerment. But now if a woman doesn't believe in abortion she can't call herself a feminist? No wonder the movement struggles so.
Posted by: rubytues63 | May 19, 2010 5:55 PM
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The Christian history is quite different actually. In fact, Jesus was the one who initiated the radical view that women were on the same plane as men. Jesus saw men and women completely equal - both were sinners in the eyes of God and both could receive salvation and both were loved equally by God. I will concede that the "people" in the Christian church had (and some continue to) muddled what Jesus really taught, but Christianity as it stands does more to equate men and women than to differentiate them. The idea of submission in the Bible is often taken out of context. When you do not read the passages regarding submission in light of the entire passages and/or the entire Biblical teaching, then it will only lead to misunderstanding. One little mentioned fact is that science (Darwinian theory) actually contributed a lot to the idea of female inferiority. I am not saying that science in and of itself is evil...but...this is hardly every said -- it is a history that is never mentioned and therefore forgotten.
Anyway, as to the topic of the article - I do believe that viewing women as human beings is a wonderful way to start when clawing through the mess of feminism and faith and abortion. As a human, I cannot agree that taking the life of another is ok in any situation (my only exception is when the mother's physical life is at risk - and this should be considered carefully. Keep in mind that this is a very small portion of abortion cases anyhow).
My final point is in regards to the "always" statement Sarah Palin made. While I disagree with Palin on several things, I can't help but agree here. Abortion is abortion. Either you kill another life or you do not. There is no middle ground to reason. It is not ok for her to do but wrong for me. It is not ok in this situation and bad in anotehr. Also, maybe I have only heard from one or two types of feminists, but from what I hear...feminists are always saying "always". It is "always" their way or you are not a feminist. If you don't belive this way, then you clearly are an old Bible-thumping shortsighted idiot who is only contributing to the downfall of all women in the world. I will say that perhaps there are some feminists who can see that other women can disagree with them and still be feminists...but these are not the feminists that I hear from or about.
Posted by: cassie123 | May 19, 2010 2:00 PM
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Gimpi, email me please at lepidopteryx@yahoo.com.
Posted by: lepidopteryx | May 18, 2010 10:12 PM
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I also think it's fair to examine, in the context of the nun who was excommunicated, the historical Catholic position (no longer believed) that baptism was essential to salvation. It was honestly believed that a still-born child, or a child who didn't live to baptism was damned. The mother was presumed to be baptized (and saved). "The unbaptized before the baptized" was a fairly well-known position, I believe, before the Catholic church abandoned the idea of damnation of those not baptized.
The belief caused the development of rules formed around it, and as the beliefs are rejected, the rules remain. This often happens. In fact, we will often develop a whole new belief, formed specifically to support a rule that was built around a now-rejected belief. (I apologize for that sentence. It's the best I could do.)
Another example would be the idea of female submission. Throughout most of Christian history, women were regarded as inferior to men. Rules to keep them from speaking in public, from owning property or working in many professions were seen as protection, for the women in question, and society in general. Everyone knew that women were simply too weak, foolish and undisciplined to be allowed any real freedom. The only trouble was, what everyone knew was wrong. The rules restricting women were gradually eliminated, and we found out that women weren't any more foolish (or wise) than men. We can be trusted to exercise power just as much as men can. Or as little, take your pick.
For most of us, this is no problem. However, if you believe the Biblical model for life, women must submit to their husbands or fathers. You now know they aren't too stupid to make their own decisions, you know they aren't too gullible, weak-willed or over-emotional to be trusted. But you still need a reason for the divine chain of command. Now we have the "separate but equal" idea. Now, those who believe in female submission will cite "different roles" for men and women, all the while stating that neither role is more valuable than the other, and that they know full well that women aren't inferior to men. It's a new explanation for an old rule, one based on no longer believed dogma concerning feminine inferiority. New beliefs are being formulated to prop up rules developed around rejected beliefs. It's fascinating, when you think about it.
Posted by: gimpi | May 18, 2010 4:03 PM
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One would hope that somebody teaching Christian theology would not be so challenged by basic Aristotelian logic. Let's scratch out "abortion" and say "theft." The law prohibits it. Nobody asserts that anti-burglary laws represent assault on "human autonomy" because they do not leave the "choice" to steal or refrain from stealing to the moral agent. Nor does anybody suggest that theft cannot be morally qualified as something wrong independent of the motivations of the moral agent. The same can be said of lots of other moral "choices" that are legally proscribed: rape, abduction, incest, perjury, assault. So why is abortion something sui generis, something so utterly unique that it is immune to moral qualification and that attempts to qualify it represent some sort of undermining of moral "autonomy?" Could it not also be argued that this unique "exception" constitutes question begging by those with a self-interest in evading the moral question?